The Waray Culinary Heritage of Samar and Leyte - A Cuisine of Resilience

Karasa - A Cuisine of Resilience: Exploring the Waray Culinary Heritage of Samar and Leyte

The culinary landscape of the Leyte and Samar islands in the Eastern Visayas region is a testament to resilience, history, and cultural diversity. Despite that this Waray region has endured tragic natural calamities, war, poverty, and socio-political challenges, its food culture remains vibrant and rich. The cuisine of Samar and Leyte offers a unique gastronomic experience reflecting the resilience and adaptability of the Waray-Waray people.

Karasa is a Waray-Waray term for a savory taste, from the root word rasa, which means taste. From gustatory interpretation, karasa can extend to mean one's pleasurable feelings either of corporal experience or incorporeal enjoyment - a desirable feeling or the state of being waray problema (having no problem).

The Waray Point of View

Who and what belongs to Samar and the eastern part of  Leyte is referred to as Waray or Waray-Waray. Those from Samar are called Samareños, while those from Leyte are the Leyteños. By nomenclature, the word Waray would literally mean "none" or "nothing." Depending on the perspective and use of the word, the social interpretation of Waray changes its spectrum. If viewed with skepticism, you see Waray people as destitute and belligerent; while if viewed with empathy, you will find how socially amiable they are. There is this negative impression of Warays that highlighted their impoverished way of living and their false pride of being belligerent as insinuated by the bilingual song Waray-Waray composed by Juan Silos Jr in 1953. 

This false pride was amplified when the song became so popular that in 1954, LVN Pictures was incited to produce a movie of the same title starring Nida Blanca and Nestor de Villa. Almost gone was the empathetic outlook of Warays on their way of life and social interaction. A befitting appreciation of the resilience and indomitability of Warays was mislaid when public opinion portrayed them as belligerent and pugnacious.

However, from Waray's point of view, they see themselves as faithful and convivial. They express their cordiality through food and drinks. This jolly impression of Warays manifested in the lyrics of the original Binisaya-Waráy version of the song Waray-Waray as reintroduced by UP Visayas professor Efmer E. Agustin in his essay to LIRIP Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. The original song, most probably written in prewar times by an unrecalled composer, depicts not how destitute and hostile the Warays are. It rather portrays their happy celebration, of bountiful resources, and the cordiality of Waray-Warays. The food culture of Waray is anchored on karasa - something that makes them feel fine and worry no more.  For the Warays, there is no better way to set aside problems but to enjoy the karasa on food and drinks. Savory food and drinks mean happiness. It makes them forget their problems or have their moments of waray na problema (no more problem).

The old song mentioned the bounty of humay (rice) and the abundance of isda (fish). The historical account of rice and fish in Eastern Visayas reflects the region's deep connection to agriculture and the sea.

Coconuts amid Waray Resilience

The culinary heritage of Samar and Leyte is deeply rooted in history.  The song Waray-Waray carries a long historical narrative that we can trace back to the seafaring Austronesians who came to settle on our islands centuries ago. The seafarers are thought to have survived their long voyages with the sustenance of coconuts, chickens, fish, and several tropical fruits and crops. The coconuts can be highlighted as having been there for a long time, predating historical records. 

Before the arrival of the Spanish expedition to our islands in the 16th century, the indigenous peoples of these islands practiced subsistence in agriculture and fishing, relying on locally available ingredients consisting of root crops, tropical fruits, rice, and of course coconuts.

When Magellan's expedition reached Zamal (Samar) island in 1521, they found out that aside from fish and tropical fruits, there were coconuts that produced palm wine (tuba), oil (lana), and milk (hatok). It seemed people get everything from this palm tree. It was in Samar where Magellan's chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, discovered and learned about cocoanut (coconut fruit) and the cocon trees. His curiosity and fascination even led Pigafetta to write a detailed description of the coconut. He wrote in his chronicle how the native islanders of Samar bestowed on them an act of kindness by giving them coconuts and other food - this seemed to be the first written record of food in the Philippines and the hospitality of Filipinos.

Samar and Leyte are the sister islands of Region 8 (Eastern Visayas) that faced numerous challenges throughout history, including war and devastating typhoons. When World War II broke out in the region in the early 1940s, the islands became the arena between the opposing forces of the Allies and the Axis. The largest naval battle of World War II mercilessly devastated the terrain and shorelines of Leyte and Samar. The Battle Off Samar and the larger Battle of Leyte Gulf brought enormous misery to the lives of local settlers. During the war and years that followed, eastern Visayas faced significant challenges related to food supply.  But like the coconut trees that were mangled and wiped out by the bombardment, the people were able to recover and grow back their lives and their economy - another testament to how resilient Warays are even to the worst history on their islands. Coconuts flourish back to be savored much again by the Warays in their daily cuisine.

A decade ago, the people of Eastern Visayas were tried again when Typhoon Yolanda (international name Haiyan)  left devastation in its wake, likely of the same route of wind that brought Magellan's expedition to Samar 5 centuries ago. Despite seemingly insurmountable odds, the Samareños and Leyteños displayed remarkable resilience, just like the coconut trees that were again mangled by the storm, they struggled to grow back and gain their full recovery. Their unwavering spirit and ability to endure adversity became a beacon of hope. Yolanda tested the strength of Warays, who emerged stronger, proving that even in the face of disaster, the human spirit can rise above destruction and rebuild.  

Local Specialties and Delicacies

The cuisine of Samar and Leyte boasts a diverse array of specialties and delicacies that showcase the region's culinary creativity.

Resilience in Eastern Visayas is reflected in their food culture. Despite the limited resources and scarcity of food supply during difficult times, communities have shown remarkable ingenuity in creating delightful dishes and delicacies from available local ingredients, such as hinatukan na kinilaw (fish ceviche in coconut milk), inagunon (fish cooked in vinegar), pud-pud (smoked fish cake), lomo (soupy blood stew with bean sprouts), lawot-lawot (viscous vegetable dish), binagol (sweetened taro in a coconut shell), moron (entwined chocolate and white suman), salukara (rice pancake), and a beverage called dubado (red coconut wine cocktail), which are distinctive of Eastern Visayan culinary signature.

Tuba and the Convivial Warays

Tuba in Leyte and Samar is dark red or maroon in color because it is flavored with plenty of barok (mangrove tanbark) that would help prevent the palm sap from getting sour or turning into vinegar. With tanbark, tuba would ferment into a red coconut wine that from a few days to weeks would become a wine called bahal. When aged for months to years, the wine is called bahalina with a taste that can challenge Western red wines.  This red coconut wine flows freely in the convivial gatherings of the Warays. Tuba is not just a drink; it is part of Leyte and Samar culture. Even before the Spanish colonization, tuba was already the centerpiece of any celebration. Every occasion calls for tuba - whether it is a fiesta, a family reunion, or a simple toast, tuba is present as it would lightens the mood, doubles the gaiety, and brings people together. Tuba is also taken to make one fearless, courageous, or forget their problems away. In Eastern Visayas, they have a special concoction of tuba they call dubado or adobado, often prepared to regain vigor or enhance virility.

Preserving Culinary Traditions

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in preserving and promoting the culinary traditions of Samar and Leyte. Local cooks and food enthusiasts are rediscovering age-old recipes and cooking techniques, and incorporating them into contemporary dining experiences. Farm-to-table initiatives and sustainable practices are also gaining traction, ensuring the continued availability of fresh, locally sourced ingredients.

Culinary tourism are showcasing the region's diverse food culture to a wider audience, inviting all to explore the flavors and stories behind each dish. Through food tours, cooking demos, festivals, and community-based dining experiences, everyone can immerse themselves in the culinary heritage of Samar and Leyte while supporting the local economy.

The cuisine of Samar and Leyte is a reflection of the region's resilience, history, and cultural diversity. From indigenous Asian flavors to Western influences and contemporary innovations, the culinary heritage of these provinces is a testament to the adaptability and creativity of its people. Through preserving culinary traditions, promoting sustainable practices, and embracing culinary tourism, Samar and Leyte continue to celebrate their rich food culture, inviting everyone to savor karasa as the flavor of resilience.

Why I used Capampangan not Kapampangan in my dictionaries

San Fernando City Hall, Pampanga 07.02.2008            

My editorial team from Anvil Publishing sent me this question during their editorial review of my script for my food dictionary. I like the question as much as I would like to make it a point that some prominent advocates during the post-Spanish colonization era, who promoted to change the way Capampangan or Pampangueños should spell their words, had inadvertently participated in killing slowly the Capampangan language. How? Read my answer to this question. 

 

(If you are reading this article on your phone now, this is best viewed if you turn your phone horizontally.)

Question:

Is there a difference in your use of Kapampangan and Capampangan?

My answer: 

No, not actually, because they are interchangeable.

In the List of Abbreviations Used, I listed four variations:

Capam. – Capampangan; Kapampangan; Pampango; Pampangueño

They are synonymous, but I preferred Capampangan because it is the original spelling and the peculiar demonym and language of Pampanga.

Allow me to share the following: 

It’s a fact that until today, historians and intellectuals are still quarreling over which one is the original, genuine Capampangan – is it “k” or “c.” Though some of the ancient written literature of Pampanga were found inscripted in old cursive writing system called kulitan, it was the Spaniards who first decoded and translated the kulitan writing system by using “c” for whatever that sounds like “k” and its usage remained for the entire duration of Spanish colonization of Philippines (of more than 3 centuries).  The use of “k” only exists after the Spaniards left the country. It was Aurelio Tolentino and Zoilo Hilario who replaced “c” with “k,” which for me was an act that Tagaloganized the Capampangan literature, being that Aurelio Tolentino was during his time (late 1800s and early 1900s) was largely influenced by his attachment to the El Parnaso Filipino, the school that promoted the Tagalog literature. Letter “K” is dominantly used in Tagalog. K was so popular for insurgents, such that the Katipuneros proudly designed their revolutionary red flag sewn with the acronym “KKK” in big bold white letters.

Atty. Zoilo Hilario, a native of San Fernando, Pampanga was a well-known writer in Capampangan and Spanish language. In adopting the use of “k” in Capampangan, he was influenced obviously by Aurelio Tolentino, who was senior to him. In the early part of their lives, Aurelio Tolentino and Atty. Zoilo Hilario consistently used “c” in the former’s playwrights and in the latter’s poems and their other writings. They replaced “c” with “k” as their own way of deserting the Spanish influence, which for me was a bastardly act of altering the linguistic treasure of Pampanga, which if we look deeply and extensively was a mistake because it allows Tagalog literary influence to dominate and eventually abhorred the original existence of Pampango language. They forgot or probably did not realize that the origin and legacy of Pampanga was not exclusively from the Spanish colonization.  Pampanga is actually a quilt of multicultural influences from other Asians (Japanese, Chinese, Indonesian, Thai, Indian, Malay, etc.), Europeans (Mexican, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc), and those from the west (American, African, Latinos, etc).

We should rather be thankful to Spanish colonizers for the effort of transcribing the kulitan using the Spanish alphabet and writing system. The Spanish alphabet was originally based on the Latin script, closely similar to the English orthography. Because of this, remnants of Capampangan history and legacy that were written by old-time settlers were preserved and made known today when kulitan is no longer used and understood by us. Such that we should be grateful of the effort of early word compilers and lexicographers like Fray Diego Bergano, the brilliant lexicographers of the Augustinian Order, who created the 1732 Pampango-Spanish dictionary, Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance. Otherwise, most of the original forms of Capampangan words, pronunciations, and grammar structure as they were altered by centuries and by the Capampangans themselves would have vanished into oblivion.

Time will come when the Capampangan language will become a near-extinct if not forgotten, like what happened to the Cavite's Chavacano and Ternateño (a.k.a. Bahra). Slowly eaten by the encroachment of Tagalog both in written and spoken language. Starting by the way they spell their words.

Affixes Used In Cebuano

Copyright 2010 by Edgie Polistico

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

NOTE: If you are reading this on your smartphone, this is best viewed if you turn your phone horizontally. 

AFFIXES USED IN CEBUANO WORDS

(Ang mga pulong nga pangdikit sa sinultihan nga Sebuwano)

 

·   prefix (unang dikit) - [n.] a syllable, group of syllables, or word joined to the beginning of another word or a base to alter its meaning or create a new word

 

·   suffix (ulahing dikit) - [n.] a letter, syllable, or group of syllables added at the end of a word or word base to change its meaning, give it grammatical function, or form a new word

 

·   infix (tungang dikit) - [n.] a morpheme that is added within a word to give the root word another form or meaning

 
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PREFIXES (unang dikit) - joined to the beginning of another word or a base

 

 

ka – Is the short form and variation of the prefix "pagka-."

 

If “ka” is used as a prefix to a proper noun, it refers to a particular place or venue owned by somebody.

Take note of the use of a hyphen (-) when combining this prefix to a proper noun, and the distinguished use of the initial capital letter, to emphasize the proper noun and to easily identify who owns what.

 

ka + (hyphen) + Aguinaldo = ka-Aguinaldo   (Aguinaldo's place)

ka + (hyphen) + Pedro         = ka-Pedro          (Pedro's place)

ka + (hyphen) + Binak        = ka-Binak           (Binak's place)

 

If this prefix is joined to root adjective, it transforms the adjective word into an abstract noun or something that would name the description mentioned by the base word.

putli (pure)       ka + putli       = kaputli       (purity \immaculateness)

buang (insane)  ka + buang    = kabuang    (insanity)

lisod (difficult)  ka + lisod      = kalisod      (difficulty)

gahi (hard)        ka + gahi       = kagahi       (hardness)

 

The prefix “ka” also denotes partnership or companionship.

dula (play)          ka + dula     = kadula            (a playmate)

klase (class)        ka + klase   = kaklase           (a classmate)

uban (company)   ka + uban  = kauban             (a companion)

dulog (sleeping with)   ka + dulog   = kadulog (a bedfellow)

 

This prefix also denotes the sameness of degree.

dungan (together)  ka + dungan    = kadungan  (a cotemporary, or something that goes along)

pareho (similar)     ka + pareho     = kapareho   (something of the same kind)

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katagi – is limited to general or common place. It would denote that the subject is a fellow resident or residing in same place with others.

 

lungsod (town)    katagi + lungsod  = katagilungsod  (town mate)

baryo (barrio)     katagi + baryo     = katagibaryo        (fellow villager)

nasod (country)   katagi + nasod     = kataginasod      (fellow countryman \compatriot \fellow citizen)

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ga – is short for the suffix "naga-". It is attached to a root verb. The new word formed in this combination would indicate progressive verb form. This shortened form is casually used in verbal communication; not advisable in formal writing. It is advised to use the standard  “naga-“ or “nag-“when in formal communication.

dula (play)   ga + dula       = gadula (nagadula; nagdula)         (playing)

kaon (eat)    ga + kaon      = gakaon (nagakaon; nagkaon)       (eating)

sulat (write) ga + sulat      = gasulat (nagasulat; nagsulat)       (writing)

basa (read)   ga + basa      = gabasa (nagabasa; nagbasa)        (reading)

lakaw (walk) ga + lakaw   = galakaw (nagalakaw; naglakaw) (walking)

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gi – is prefixed to root verb to indicate that an action has been done, and when used in a statement, it is advised that  the doer must be identified and mentioned in the statement.

gi + luto       = giluto         (was cooked)

gi + sulat      = gisulat        (was written)

gi + hunong  = gihunong   (was stopped)

gi + kanta     = gikanta       (was sang)

gi + kulata    = gikulata      (was mauled)

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gika - indicates perfect tense in passive form.

gika + dula    = gikadula       (had played with)

gika + uban   = gikauban      (had been with)

gika + istorya = gikaistorya  (had talked to)

gika + inom   = gikainom     (had been drinking with)

gika + away   = gikaaway     (had fought against)

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gina - this prefix is used to form a passive voice indicating what is generally being done or going on

gina + baligya  = ginabaligya  (being sold)

gina + basa      = ginabasa       (being read)

gina + ayo       = ginaayo         (being repaired)

gina + dali       = ginadali         (being done in a hurry)

gina + dili       = ginadili          (being forbidden)

gina + lisod     = ginalisod       (being made difficult)

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gipa - this prefix is the combination of prefixes "gi" and "pa". It denotes that one was told to do something, or one has done something after following the command or wish of another. The action is done or is being done is indicated by the root verb. This prefix is used both in present and past tenses.

     

      gipa + awit      = gipaawit         (is/was told to sing)

gipa + kaon     = gipakaon        (is/was told to eat)

gipa + sulat     = gipasulat        (is/was told to write)

gipa + kanaog  = gipakanaog    (is/was told to go down)

gipa + sakay    = gipasakay       (is/was told to take a ride)

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hin – is the variation of "hing-". It is joined to words that begin with d, s, or t and sometimes L and it would denote inclination to do or to become something. Take note that the initial consonant is omitted and replaced with the prefix “hin.” The word formed in this combination is an adjective that describes one's fondness for something.

hin + (d)agat     = hinagat      (fond of the sea)

hin + (s)abaw    = hinabaw    (fond of broth)

hin + (s)ugo      = hinugo       (fond of giving errand)

hin + (s)ulat      = hinulat       (loves to write)

hin + (t)ingog   = hiningog     (always making sound)

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hing - this prefix denotes fondness, propensity, or habit. It is joined to the root word that begins with any of the vowels (a,e, i,o,u) & consonants like k, l, w, and y. Similar to "hin-", the initial k is omitted and replaced by the prefix "hing."

hing + (k)anta   = hinganta       (always loves to sing)

hing + labaw     = hinglabaw     (protruding \extending out)

hing + yabag     = hingyabag     (goes out of tune)

hing + lingkod   = hinglingkod  (going to sit down)

hing + kagiw     = hingkagiw     (has escaped)

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i - this prefix is used in the passive mode, when combined with a root word it would have three meanings:

1. It indicates that the subject is the direct object of the action represented by the base word (root verb)

i + sulat         = isulat         (write it)

i + lakat         = ilakat         (walk it)

i + sumbong  = isumbong  (report it)

2. It indicates that the subject is the instrument or the thing to do in performing the action represented by the base word (root verb) 

i + sulat         = isulat          (write with)

i + lakat         = ilakat          (walk with)

i + sumbong  = isumbong   (report something to)

 

3. It denotes action is done in favor of the subject (someone or something)

i + sulat          = isulat         (write for)

i + lakat          = ilakat         (walk for)

i + sumbong   = isumbong  (report something for)

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ika - this prefix indicates numerical degree when attached to the base word of a number

ika + lima    = ikalima       (fifth)

ika+ usa       = ikausa        (first)

ika + gatos   = ikagatos     (hundredth)

 

When this prefix is attached to a root verb or root adjective, it indicates possibility, adaptability, or suitability of purpose or action represented by the word base.

ika + hatag    = ikahatag    (can be given)

ika + ulaw     = ikaulaw     (can cause shame)

ika + dato      = ikadato      (can cause to become rich)

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ikag - this is the variation of the prefix "ika." This is no longer casually used in present day communication, except for euphony

 

ikag + labay    = ikaglabay    (can be thrown out)

ikag + biyahe  = ikagbiyahe  (can be used or brought along in the travel)

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ig - this prefix is used to indicate the following:

 

1. Relationship among persons or things, similar to “igkasi-“ but is considered awkward when used nowadays.

 

ig + igsoon    = igsoon       (sibling)

ig + dugo       = igdugo       (relative by blood)

ig + tiyo         = igtiyo        (uncle and nephew or niece)

ig + agaw       = ig-agaw    (cousins)

 

2. In a conjunctive case

 

ig + hinagbo   = ighinagbo   (would meet along the way)

ig + sukod      = igsukod       (would be used in taking measurement)

 

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iga - this prefix would indicate the following:

 

1. Subjunctive case similar to prefix "ig"

 

iga + hinagbo    = igahinagbo  (would meet along the way)

 

2. to indicate what it used to be

 

iga + bilin    = igabilin     (used to be left behind)

iga + luto     = igaluto      (used to be cooked)

 

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igkasi - this prefix would indicate the relationship between persons or thing

 

igkasi + agaw      = igkasi-agaw         (being cousins)

igkasi + igsoon    = igkasi-igsoon       (fellow siblings)

igkasi + kadugo   = igkasikadugo      (fellow relatives)

igkasi + pareho    = igkasipareho       (being the same)

 

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in - this prefix is added to a base word to create an adverb that functions as a verbal adjective deriving from a root-noun

 

in + igsoon          = inigsoon              (brotherly)

in + ato                = inato                    (our own way)

 

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inig - this prefix indicates time, join to dependent cause of time. This prefix is properly used with future tense. Its past tense form is "pag-"

 

inig + abot           = inig-abot             (when somebody or something arrives)

inig + ingon         = inig-ingon           (when somebody says)

 

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inigka - a prefix used with future tense. it is also used to form neuter verbs. For present and past tenses, use "pagka"

 

inigka + dako         = inigkadako         (when grown up)

inigka + himugso   = inigkahimugso   (when born)

 

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ipa - is the combination of prefix "i-" and causative "pa." This combination indicates order or command.

 

ipa + kanaog      = ipakanaog         (bring something down)

ipa + larga         = ipalarga              (allow to depart or go)

ipa + sulat         = ipasulat               (have it written)

ipa + kanta        = ipakanta              (have it sang)

 

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isig - is similar to "masig," indicating individual action. This prefix is the variation and has the same use and meaning as that of "masig"

 

isig + bayad       = isigbayad         (pay individually)

isig + lakaw       = isiglakaw         (walk on each other way \each one must go alone)

isig + kuha         = isigkuha           (each must get for himself)

isig + basa         = isigbasa            (each one must read for himself)

isig + hugas       = isighugas         (each one must wash)

 

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isigka - this prefix denotes the individuality of members belonging to the same group or class

 

isigka + lungsod   = isigkalungsod    (respective town)

isig + katawo        = isigkatawo         (each person)

 

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ma - this prefix, in its adverb form, is limited to root words that are related to time. This is the short form of "matag-."

 

ma + dominggo     = madominggo   (on Sundays)

ma + hapon           = mahapon           (on afternoons)

 

This prefix is also used to elaborate the descriptive value of some root adjectives.

 

ma + pait               = mapait             (bitter)

ma + pula              = mapula            (red)

 

Though pait is enough to describe the taste, by adding "ma-" the bitterness is now emphasized.

The color pula is emphasized here by the prefix "ma-"

 

The prefix "ma" is also used as a prefix to let the verb indicate that the subject will be or have the possibility of becoming what has been indicated by the root noun or root adjective

 

ma + bato          = mabato               (will or may turn to stone \will or may be hit by a stone)

ma + buang       = mabuang            (will or may become insane)

 

If "ma" is prefixed to root verb, it denotes possibility that an action can be performed.

 

ma + lakaw        = malakaw            (can be walked)

ma + alsa           = maalsa                (can be lifted)

ma + human      = mahuman          (can be finished)

ma + himo         = mahimo              (can be done)

 

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maka - indicates potentiality of something in the following forms:

 

1. The verb is in the future tense, expressing the capability of one’s ability to do something.

 

maka + tindog      = makatindog       (can stand)

maka + mao         = makamao           (can learn)

maka + biyahe     = makabiyahe       (can travel)

maka + sugakod   = makasugakod    (can withstand)

 

2. It is in the future perfect tense.

 

maka + gikan         = makagikan          (shall be leaving)

maka + maneho     = makamaneho     (will be able to drive)

 

3. When prefixed to root word that starts with "li" and "bi" in the first syllable, and if this syllable is reduplicated, the transformation denotes inherent quality.

 

maka + bihag          = makabibihag    (captivating)

maka + libog           = makalilibog      (confusing)

maka + libat            = makalilibat       (can cause squinting of the eyes)

 

4. That the object in the statement can cause to happen what is indicated by the root word

 

maka + tubol            = makatubol       (can cause constipation)

maka + libog            = makalibog       (can cause confusion)

maka + busog           = makabusog     (can fill the stomach)

maka + basa             = makabasa        (can cause something to get wet)

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makapa - is the combination of prefixes "maka" and "pa," and would indicate the means or agency in effecting something.

 

makapa + tulog         = makapatulog          (can induce sleep)

makapa + baskog      = makapabaskog       (can make one healthy)

makapa + tulin          = makapatulin           (can speed up)

 

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maki - indicates addiction, inclination to something

 

maki + utan                = makiutan               (vegetarian)

maki + amerikano      = maki-amerikano   (pro-American)

maki + dula                = makidula               (always loves to play)

maki + babaye           = makibabaye           (fond of girls)

maki +artista             = makiartista            (fanatic to movie actors or actresses)

 

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makig - indicates willingness to participate or to be in the company of another

 

makig + kuyog         = makigkuyog         (willing to be in accompany with)    

makig + gukod         = makiggukod         (willing to race against)

makig + pusta          = makigpusta          (willing to bet with)             

makig + giyera        = makiggiyera         (willing to wage war against )

 

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makigpang = indicates companionship, or to with another. Notice that when affixed to root word that start with consonant "k," this letter "k" is removed.

 

makigpang + lakaw      = makigpanglakaw   (likes to go with)

makigpang + luto         = makigpangluto       (likes to cook foods with)

makigpang + kaligo     = makigpangaligo     (likes to on swimming with)

makigpang + kaon        = makigpangaon        (likes to dine with)

 

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makigpan = is the short form of "makigpang-".

 

makigpan + lakaw        = makigpanlakaw      (likes to go with)

makigpan + luto           = makigpanluto         (likes to cook foods with)

makigpan + luto           = makigpanluto         (likes to cook foods with)

 

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mag = is the short for "maga". It denotes progressive or continuing action in the future.

 

mag + sulat                  = magsulat                (will write)

maga + sulat                = magasulat               (will be writing)

mag + trabaho             = magtrabaho            (will go to work)

maga + trabaho           = magatrabaho           (will be working)

 

This prefix also indicates the following:

 

1. Profession, duplicating the first syllable

 

mag + bugas               = magbubugas            (rice dealer)

mag + sulat                 = magsusulat              (writer)

mag + dula                  = magdudula              (player\actor)

 

2. Relationship - "mag" here is in the short form of "manag-"

 

mag + agaw                = mag-agaw               (cousins)

manag + agaw            = manag-agaw            (cousins)

mag + higala              = maghigala                (friends)

manag + higala          = managhigala            (friends)

 

3. What is going to have, to do, or to wear

 

mag + pormal            = magpormal              (to behave \ to weafr formal attire)

mag + barong            = magbarong               (wear barong)

mag + dilana             = magdilana                 (wear wollen dress

mag + dala                = magdala                    (bring something)

mag + barog              = magbarog                 (stay standing)

 

4. Obligatory work

 

mag + daginot           = magdaginot              (must be thrifty)

mag + tuon                = magtuon                   (must study)

mag + biyahe            = magbiyahe                (must travel)

mag + hulat               = maghulat                  (must wait)

 

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magka – when attached to a root word, it would indicate the following:

 

1. The gradual occurrence when attached to an adjective word

 

magka + pula            = magkapula               (will turn into red)

magka + dako           = magkadako              (will become larger)

magka + taas            = magkataas               (will grow taller)

 

2. A subjunctive mood when attached to a verb word or to some noun words.

 

magka + kita               = magkakita               (when meet each other)

magka + sabot            = magkasabot             (when understand each other)

magka + higugmaay   = magkahigugmaay    (will love each other)

 

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magpa - combination of "mag" and "pa" indicating command or order, or to let continuing action be done upon oneself.

 

magpa + palit              = magpapalit              (ask to buy)

magpa + kaon             = magpakaon              (ask to feed)

magpa + tawag           = magpatawag            (ask to call)

magpa + kuwenta       = magpakuwenta        (ask to compute)

 

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magpaka – Is the combination of "mag" and “paka" and would indicate the following situation:

 

1. The assumption of certain quality, feature, or characteristics.

 

magpaka + tawo           = magpakatawo          (be a man)

magpaka + adunahan   = magpakaadunahan   (be rich)

magpaka + tarong        = magpakatarong        (be upright)

 

2. The pretension of character or personality.

 

magpaka = hari            = magpakahari           (pretend to be a king)

magpaka = sundalo      = magpakasundalo      (pretend to be a soldier)

magpaka = buotan       = magpakabuotan       (pretend to be a good fellow)

 

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magpaki – this is the combination of "mag" and "paki", and would denote that one is imploring for something (asking for help, support, or assistance from others)

 

magpaki + luoy           = magpakiluoy            (beg for mercy)

magpaki + tabang        = magpakitabang        (ask for help)

magpaki + unong         = magpakiunong         (request for loyalty)

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maha – indicates in most cases reflex action or unexpected occurrence

 

maha + lukso                = mahalukso               (jump reflexively)

maha + sum-ok             = mahasum-ok           (come to a new place unexpectedly)

 

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mahi – is the variation of  "maha"

 

mahi + lukso                 = mahilukso               (jump reflexively)

mahi + sum-ok              = mahisum-ok           (will come unexpectedly)

 

Usually, "mahi" indicates an unexpected happening

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mam and man – are  the variance and have the same meaning as to that of prefix "mang."

 

Prefix "mam" is attached to word that begins with consonant b, m, or p. Take note that the initial letter is deleted and replaced with the prefix “mam”.

 

mam + bugha                 = mamugha               (will hew)

mam + bato                    = mamato                  (will throw stone)

mam + pisat                   = mamisat                  (will squeeze flat)

mam + pusta                  = mamusta                 (will bet)

 

"man" is also attached to word that begins with consonant d, n, s, or t. Take note also that the initial letter is deleted and replaced with the prefix “mam”.

 

man + dila                      = manila                   (will lick)

man + tingog                  = maningog              (will produce sounds)

man + sulo                     = manulo                   (will light a torch)

man + tungas                 = manungas               (will climb up the mountain)

 

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mang – plural of "mo-'. If attached to a word that begins with consonant "k" (which will be deleted and replaced with the prefix “mang”). This denotes that the action is done by a plural subject or object.

 

mang + abot                 = mangabot             (will arrived in group or in succession)

mang + kaon                = mangaon              (will eat in group or one after another)

mang + gahi                 = manggahi             (will harden together or one by one)

mang + hilabot             = manghilabot        (will meddle alone or with the others)

mang + lupad               = manglupad           (will fly together or one by one)

mang + wasay              = mangwasay          (will attack with an ax alone or as a group)

mang + yabo                = mangyabo            (will spill out together, alone, or one after another)

mang + sirit                  = mangsirit             (will squirt together or one by one)

 

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manga – is the plural of "ma-." While prefix "mang" indicates what the subject does, the prefix "manga" denotes what will happen to the subject. It is attached to any word without deleting the first letter. This denotes that what will happen would affect more than one subject or object.

 

manga + amang            = mangaamang        (They would be speechless)

manga + gisi                 = mangagisi             (a plural count of something will be torn into pieces)

manga + dunot             = mangadunot         (a plural count of something will rot)

 

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mapa – denotes where something may possibly go.

 

mapa + lungsod           = mapalungsod        (going towards town)

mapa + balay               = mapabalay            (to the house)

mapa + US                   = mapa-US              (will go to the US)

 

Denotes to whose ownership something will belong

 

mapa + ako                  = mapaako               (will be mine)

mama +imo                 = mapaimo               (will be yours)

 

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masig - is similar to "isig," indicating individual action. It is used as a prefix to indicate the individual actions of each member of a group.

 

masig + bayad             = masigbayad         (pay individually)

masig + lakaw             = masiglakaw         (walk on each other way \each one must go alone)

masig + kuha               = masigkuha           (each must get for himself)

masig + basa                = masibasa              (each one must read for himself)

masig + hugas              = masihugas            (each one must wash)

 

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masigka – is used as a prefix to denote respective ownership or individual reference to something that belongs to the same type or group.

 

Note that this prefix is not the same with "masig" which is joined with word that begins with "ka".

 

masigka + lungsod       = masigkalungsod    (respective town)

masigka + grupo          = masigkagrupo        (respective group)

masigka + tinun-an      = masigkatinun-an    (each fellow student)

masigka + pasahero     = masigkapasahero   (each fellow passenger)

 

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mi – this prefix is in active voice, forming the present and past tense of "mo-". It is used in intransitive verbs.

 

mi + larga                    = milarga              (departs or departed)

mi + kaon                    = mikaon               (eats or ate \has eaten or had eaten)

mi + sabot                   = misabot               (understands or understood)

mi + lipang                 = milipang              (flourishes or flourished \thrives or thrived)

mi + sulod                  = misulod                (enters or entered)

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mo – is a prefix used in active voice. This indicates future tense of "mi-" denoting that the subject will or shall do something.

 

mo + larga                   = molarga               (will depart \shall be leaving)

mo + abot                    = moabot                (will arrive\shall arrive)

mo + kaon                   = mokaon               (will eat \shall eat)

mo + sabot                  = mosabot               (will understand \shall understand)

 

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na – is the present and past tense of "ma-" It indicates the following:

 

1. The state or condition of transformation or eventuality.

 

na + buang                  = nabuang                (became insane)

na + babaye                = nababay                (became a girl)

na + pobre                  = napobre                (became poor)

na + adunahan            = naadunahan          (became rich)

 

2. It tells that an action was done, or that a situation has occurred.

 

na + hulog                  = nahulog                 (was fallen \feel down)

na + lingaw                = nalingaw               (was entertained \fascinated)

na + libog                  = nalibog                  (was confused)

na + luto                    = naluto                    (was cooked)

 

3. That the subject or object in the statement has been included in the inventory or group when used as the short form of "naha-"

 

na + lista                     = nalista                   (has been listed)

na + lakip                    = nalakip                  (has been included)

na + apil                      = naapil                    (has been included)

na + angin                   = naangin                 (has been involved)

 

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naka - is used in the following situations:

 

1. It is attached to a root word to denote the present and past tense of "maka-".

 

naka + tindog              = nakatindog             (is now standing \has stood up)

naka + mao                 = nakamao                 (is now learning \has learned )

naka + biyahe             = nakabiyahe             (is now travelling \has travelled)

naka + sugakod           = nakasugakod           (is now withstanding \has withstood)

naka + gikan               = nakagikan                (is now leaving \has left)

naka + maneho           = nakamaneho            (is now driving \has drove)

 

2. It is used as a prefix to tell that the subject had its potentiality or capability and was able to perform the action or be in the situation mentioned by the root word.

 

naka + tindog             = nakatindog              (able to stand)

naka + mao                = nakamao                 (able to learn)

naka + biyahe            = nakabiyahe              (able to travel)

naka + sugakod          = nakasugakod          (able to withstand)

naka + gikan              = nakagikan               (able to leave)

naka + maneho          = nakamaneho            (able to drive)

 

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nakag – The variation of “naka-“. This is rarely used nowadays except for euphony.

 

nakag + tindog         = nakagtindog           (able to stand)

nakag + mao            = nakagmao              (able to learn)

nakag + biyahe        = nakagbiyahe           (able to travel)

nakag + sugakod      = nakagsugakod        (able to withstand)

nakag + gikan          = nakaggikan            (able to leave)

nakag + maneho      = nakagmaneho         (able to drive)

 

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nakapa - is the combination of "naka" and "pa" and would suggest past events, denoting that what has been employed has taken its effect.

 

This prefix is the present and past tense of “makapa-“

 

nakapa + tindog       = nakapatindog         (caused something to stand)

nakapa + mao          = nakapamao             (caused somebody to learn right)

nakapa + biyahe      = nakapabiyahe         (caused somebody the travel)

nakapa + sugakod   = nakapasugakod       (caused something to witstand)

 

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nakig – is the present and past tense of ”makig-“ It indicates that one is associating with another.

 

nakig + dula            = nakigdula                (plays or played with)

nakig + hinabi         = nakighinabi             (talks or talked with)

nakig + himamat     = nakighimamat         (gets or got acquainted with)

nakig + paambit      = nakigpaambit          (shares or shared something to)

 

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nag - is the short for “naga-“ indicating a continuing or progressive action

 

nag + lakaw            = naglakaw                 (walking)

nag + damgo           = nagdamgo               (dreaming)

nag + agulo             = nag-agulo                (moaning)

nag + maneho         = nagmaneho             (driving \managing)

 

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nagka - is the present and past tense of "magpa" and it indicates the following:

 

1. When attached to an adjective word, it denotes that something is gradually happening.

 

nagka + pula           = nagkapula               (turns into or became red)

nagka + dako          = nagkadako              (becomes or became larger)

nagka + taas            = nagkataas               (grows or grew taller)

nagka + kalayô       = nagkalayô               (getting far)

 

2. It tells that something occurred by chance or as expected between or among the subjects.

 

nagka + kita               = nagkakita             (meet or had met each other)

nagka + sabot            = nagsabot               (understand or understood each other)

nagka + higugmaay  = nagkahigugmaay   (love or loved each other)

nagka + abot             = nagkaabot              (happened to met each other)

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nagpa - The combination of “nag” and “pa” and denotes the present and past tense for "magpa," It indicates a request or command by addressing someone else to perform the action.

 

nagpa + palit             = nagpapalit             (asking somebody to buy for him)

nagpa + kaon            = nagpakaon             (asks or asked to be feed)

nagpa + tawag          = nagpatawag            (asks or asked somebody to make the call)

nagpa + kuwenta      = nagpakuwenta        (requests or requested somebody to compute)

nagpa + hapuhap      = nagpahapuhap        (asks or asked to be fondled by somebody else)

nagpa + bayad          = nagpabayad            (asks or asked to be paid by someone else)

 

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nagpaka – is the combination of "nag" and "paka." This is the present and past tense of "magpaka". It indicates the following situation:

 

1. A certain quality, feature, or characteristic is being assumed or has been assumed.

 

nagpaka + tawo          = nagpakatawo          (assumes or assumed to be a man)

nagpaka + adunahan  = nagpakaadunahan   (assumes or assumed to be rich)

nagpaka + tarong       = nagpakatarong        (assumes or assumed to be upright)

nagpaka + diyos        = nagpakadiyos          (assumes or assume oneself as god)

 

2. Pretends or pretended to have that sort of character or personality.

 

nagpaka + hari          = nagpakahari            (pretends or pretended to be a king)

nagpaka + sundalo    = nagpakasundalo     (pretends or pretended to be a soldier)

nagpaka + buotan     = nagpakabuotan       (pretends or pretended to be a good fellow)

nagpaka + amang     = nagpa-amang         (pretends or pretended to be mute)

nagpaka + buotan     = nagpakabuotan       (pretends or pretended to be upright)

 

3. Willingness or intention to become such

 

nagpaka + matay      = nagpakamatay        (commits suicide)

nagpaka + gutom     = nagpakagutom        (let or caused oneself to hunger)

nagpaka + limsog     = nagpakalimsog       (makes or made oneself healthy)

nagpaka + busog      = nagpakabusog        (eats or ate to the full)

 

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nagpaki – is the combination of suffixes "nag" and "paki" and is used as a suffix to "sayod" and "susi" to mean the solicitation of information.

 

nagpaki + sayod       = nagpakisayod          (soliciting information)

nagpaki + susi          = nagpakisusi             (soliciting information)

 

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nagpasi – caused to show or express a message around

 

nagpasi + bantog      = nagpasibantog        (flaunting oneself)

nagpasi + baya         = nagpasibaya            (neglected one's duty)

nagpasi + dayag       = nagpasidayag          (expressed ones thought or emotion)

nagpasi + una           = nagpasiuna              (started everything)

 

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naha – denotes the following:

 

1. The usual reflex or involuntary movements

 

naha + lukso            = nahalukso               (leaped with a start)

naha + kurat            = nahakurat                (affected with a surprise)

naha + dusmo          = nahadusmo             (bumped one's face)

 

2. When describing one’s affiliation or inclusion.

 

naha + lista              = nahalista                 (has been listed)

naha + lakip            = nahalakip                (has been included)

naha + apil              = nahaapil                  (has been included)

naha + angin           = nahaangin               (has been involved)

 

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nahag – is the variation of the prefix "naha-". However, it is used only with a few selected root words.

 

nahag + mata          = nahagmata             (awakened)

nahag + duol           = nahagduol              (placed closer)

nahag + sulat           = nahagsulat             (written)

 

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nahi – is the present and past tense of the prefix "mahi-" and usually interchanged with "naha-" denoting the following:

 

1. That something happened as expected

 

nahi + lukso          = nahilukso             (jumped reflexively)

nahi + sum-ok       = nahisum-ok         (came as expected)

nahi + about          = nahiabot              (arrived as expected)

nahi + sukamod     = nahisukamod     (stumbles or sturmbled as expected)

 

2. It describes what happened to the subject

 

nahi + mata           = nahimata           (awakened)

nahi + salaag         = nahisalaag         (astrayed)

nahi + layo            = nahilayo             (placed afar)

 

3. It describes one’s affiliation or inclusion.

 

nahi + lista            = nahilista             (has been listed)

nahi + lakip           = nahilakip            (has been included)

nahi + apil             = nahiapil              (has been included)

nahi + angin          = nahiangin           (has been involved)

 

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nahig – is the variation of the prefix "naha-" and is used only with a few selected root words.

 

nahig + mata        = nahigmata           (awakened)

nahig + duol         = nahigduol           (placed closer)

nahig + sulat        = nahigsulat           (written)

 

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nam - is the present and past tense of "mam." It denotes that a plural subject has performed the action.

 

nam + bugha         = namugha            (some have hewn or hewed)

nam + bato            = namato              (some have thrown or threw stones)

nam + pisat           = namisat              (some have squeezed flat)

nam + pusta          = namusta             (some made a bet)

 

When attached to a word that begins with the letter b, or p, the initial letter is deleted and replaced with the prefix “nam”

 

nam + (b)akwit      = namakwit          (are or were evacuating)

nam + (b)abaye     = namabaye          (are or were philandering)

nam + (p)asko       = namasko             (they ask or asked for Chritmas gift)

nam + (p)usta        = namusta             (they bet)

nam + (p)ahawa    = namahawa         (were leaving)

nam + (p)ahulay    = namahulay        (were resting)

 

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nan - is the present and past tense of "man"

 

nan + dila              = nanila                (lick or licked)

nan + tingog          = naningog          (produce or produced sounds)

nan + sulo             = nanulo               (light or lighted a torch)

nan + tungas         = nanungas          (climb or climbe up the mountain)

 

It is also the variation of "nang –"

 

nan + lukso           = nanlukso            (were jumping)

nan + hawa           = nanhawa            (they left \were leaving)

nan + hakot          = nanhakot            (were transporting)

nan + hambog      = nanhambog        (were bragging about)

 

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nanag – the plural of "nag-". It is used only with plural subject. Could be in the present or past tenses.

 

nanag + dula        = nanagdula          (are or were playing)

nanag + tuon        = nanagtuon          (are or were studying)

nanag + asawa     = nanag-asawa      (are or were getting married)

 

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nang – denotes the following:

 

1. The present and past tense of the prefix "mang"

 

nang + abot          = nangabot          (arrive or arrived in group or in succession)

nang + kaon         = nangaon           (eat or ate in group or one after another)

nang + gahi          = nanggahi          (harden or hardened together or one by one)

nang + hilabot      = nanghilabot     (meddle or meddled alone or with the others)

nang + lupad        = nanglupad        (fly or flew together or one by one)

nang + wasay       = nangwasay       (attack or attacked with an ax alone or as a group)

nang + yabo         = nangyabo         (spill or spilt out together , alone, or one after another)

nang + sirit          = nangsirit           (squirt or squirted together or one by one)

 

2. The plural of "mi-' and is used in the past tense

 

nang + lukso        = nanglukso          (were jumping)

nang + hawa        = nanghawa          (they left \were leaving)

nang + hakot       = nanghakot          (were transporting)

nang + hambog   = nanghambog      (were bragging about)

 

_xxx

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nanga – is the present and past tense of "manga-" and is used with a plural subject. Thus, it is the plural form of the prefix “na-“

 

nanga + amang     = nangaamang          (become or became speechless)

nanga + gisi          = nangagisi                (torn into pieces)

nanga + dunot      = nangadunot            (rot)

 

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nasig – is the present and past tense of "masig-" or "isig-" denotes identical action in a group of subjects.

 

nasig + bayad                        = nasigbayad               (pays or paid individually)

nasig + lakaw                        = nasiglakaw               (walks or walked each other way or alone)

nasig + kuha                          = nasigkuha                (gets or got something for himself)

nasig + basa                          = nasigbasa                 (reads or read for himself)

nasig + hugas                        = nasighugas               (washes or washed something for himself)

 

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ni – this prefix is particularly used in the locality of Cebu, Davao, Misamis Oriental, Iligan City as well as some parts of western Leyte (from Baybay City to Ormoc City). The prefix “ni-“ is used as the variation of “mi-“ to indicate the present or past tense of the action. This prefix is fondly used in informal conversation and shall be avoided in formal writing or communication. For formal communication, use the standard prefix “mi-“ instead. 

 

ni + adto                                 = niadto (miadto)             (goes or went)  

ni + bunga                              = nibunga (mibunga)       (beras or bore fruit)

ni + gahi                                 = nigahi (migahi)             (hardens or hardened)

ni + tinguha                            = nitinguha (mitinguha)   (strives or strived)

 

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pa – when prefixed to the name of place, it denotes the direction or one’s destination towards that place

 

Note that a hyphen is used if pa is attached to a proper noun

 

pa ₊ Kanada                           = pa-Kanada               (going to or towards Canada)

pa + norte                               = panorte                     (northwards)

pa + dagat                              = padagat                    (towards the sea)

pa + kusina                            = pakusina                   (going to the kitchen)

pa + sulod                              = pasulod                     (inward \going in)

 

A hyphen is also used when pa is used as a prefix to a foreign word, as in describing the manner or in telling how something would become.

 

pa + bourgeois (French)     = pa-bourgeois          (become bourgeoisie; be a  bourgeoisie)

pa + study (English)           = pa-study                  (going to syudy; let or allow to study)

pa + mañana (Spanish)      = pa-mañana              (by tomorrow; going to happen tomorrow)

 

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paka – this prefix indicates the transformation or assumption of an image or behavior

 

paka + buhi                            = pakabuhi                 (means of living)

paka + ulaw                           = pakaulaw                 (shameful act)

paka + bantog                       = pakabantog              (act of making popular)

paka + aron-ingnon              = pakaaron-ingnon     (pretension, theact of pretending to be)

 

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paki – denotes the following situations:

 

1. When prefixed to root verb, it becomes a request or direct command. 

 

paki + kuha                            = pakikuha                  (please get)

paki + bunlt                            = pakibunlot               (please pull)

paki + hatag                           = pakihatag                 (please give to)

paki + sukod                          = pakisukod                 (please measure)

 

2. When prefixed to "susi" and "sayod" it means the activity of soliciting information.

 

paki + susi                              = pakisusi                    (investigation \verification)

paki + sayod                          = pakisayod                 (information gathering)

 

Nowadays, “paki” is more often shorten to  “pa” (see above, under prefix “pa”) 

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pakig – it names the activity, struggle, or endeavor to do something toward another

 

pakig + away                         = pakig-away              (fight)

pakig + batok                         = pakigbatok               (contradiction)

pakig + dait                            = pakigdait                  (harmonious relationship)

pakig + higala                        = pakighigala              (offer of friendship)

pakig + gubat                         = pakiggubat               (waging of war)

 

Notice that the root word that begins with the letter "g" does not lost it when prefixed by "pakig" because "gg" is needed to retain the proper syllabication of the word.

 

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pag - This Cebuano prefix word functions similarly to the preposition "to" in English. When prefixed to a word base, the newly formed word is meant to be a verb or action word; It also denotes the condition or state of the action or how one thing is described.

 

pag + kaon                             = pagkaon                                   (as a verb: to eat)

ang pagkaon (as a state or situation: how it is eaten, or the manner of eating, or the state of eating)

 

pag + basa                             = pagbasa                       (to read)

ang pagbasa (as a state or situation: how it is read, or how reading is performed)   

 

pag + lakaw                           = paglakaw                    (to read)

ang paglakaw (as a state or situation: the condition of walking, or the state of walking)

   

 

pag is also used in the following situations:

 

1. To form the infinitive verb

 

pag + dagan                          = pagdagan                 (to run)

pag + sulat                            = pagsulat                   (to write)

pag + kaon                            = pagkaon                  (to eat)

pag + huna-huna                   = paghuna-huna         (to think)

pag + gugma                         = paggugma               (to love)

pag + sayaw                          = pagsayaw                (to dance)

 

2. To give a direct command

 

pag + luto                              = pagluto                    (you cook)

pag + tuon                             = pagtuon                   (you study)

pag + sulat                             = pagsulat                  (you write)

pag + pinsar                          = pagpinsar                 (you think)

pag + hugas                           = paghugas                 (you wash)

pag + limpiyo                        = paglimpiyo              (you clean)

 

3. To form a noun.

 

pag + kaon                             = pagkaon                   (food)

pag + laom                             = paglaom                   (hope)

 

Infinitive verb can be transformed into noun by preceding it with the article "ang."

 

ang pag + dagan                   = pagdagan                  (the act of running)

ang pag + sulat                     = pagsulat                    (the act of writing)

ang pag + tan-aw                  = pagtan-aw                (the act of watching or looking at)

ang pag + lugaw                   = palugaw                    (the the making of porridge)

 

4. When referring to the future actual occurrence of an action or event

 

pag + abot                              = pag-abot                   (upon arrival)

pag + kaon                             = pagkaon                   (upon eating)

pag + dagan                          = pagdagan                  (upon running)

pag + sugo                             = pagsugo                   (upon giving an order)

 

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pagka – is used to form the following:

 

1. In expressing exclamation or when being surprised

 

pagka + nindot                      = pagkanindot!            (how beautiful!)

pagka + lami                          = pagkalami!               (it feels good!)

pagka + hungog                    = pagkahungog!           (how stupid!)

 

2. As an abstract noun, indicating the state or condition

 

pagka + pangulo                   = pagkapangulo         (leadership)

pagka + manunulat              = pagkamanunulat    (being a writer)

 

3. As an abstract noun of one's quality. Similar to the prefix "ka."

 

pagka + puti                          = pagkaputi                (whiteness)

pagka + hugaw                     = pagkahugaw            (dirtiness)

pagka + hamis                      = pagkahamis             (being how smooth)

pagka + humot                      = pagkahumot            (being how fragrant)

 

4. As an adverb of time

 

pagka + karon                       = pagkakaron             (by now)               

pagka + ugma                       = pagkaugma             (by tomorrow)

pagka + sugod                      = pagkasugod             (upon starting)

pagka + human                     = pagkahuman           (when done)

pagka + gabii                         = pagkagabii              (by night)

 

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pagpa – is used to cause something to happen.

 

pagpa + lupad                       = pagpalupad             (let fly)

pagpa + hulam                      = pagpahulam            (permit to borrow)

pagpa + sakop                      = pagpasakop             (to be a subordinate)

pagpa + dagan                      = pagpadagan            (operate to run)

pagpa + mabdos                   = pagpamabdos         (impregnate)

pagpa + mahal                      = pagpamahal            (increase the price \make expensive)

 

Or to let someone feel or expect something

 

pagpa + laom                       = pagpalaom              (let or allow to expect hope)

pagpa + gugma                    = pagpagugma           (let or allow to feel love)

pagpa + sakit                       = pagpasakit               (let or allow feel the pain \to hurt)

pagpa + batyag                     = pagpabatyag           (let or allow to sense the feeling)

 

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pagpaka – is the combination of "pag" and "paka" to form a verb that allows the subject to perform the action.

 

pagpa + kilat                        = pagpakilat             (let lightning to flash or strike)

pagpa + kusog                      = pagpakusog           (increase the volume \make fast)

pagpa + kurog                      = pagpakurog            (cause to shake or shiver)

pagpa + daghan                   = pagpadaghan          (allow to multiply)

 

This prefix is used similarly to "paka" which indicates the transformation or assumption of image or behavior, in this sense it is preceded by "ang"

 

ang pagpaka + buhi             = ang pagpakabuhi   (the means of living)

ang pagpaka + ulaw            = ang pagpakaulaw   (a shameful act)

ang pagpaka + bantog        = ang pagpakabantog (the act of making popular)

ang pagpaka + aron-ingnon = ang pagpakaaron-ingnon (theact of pretending to be)

 

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pala – is similar to "para" when it forms a descriptive word that would describe the habitual behavior or tendencies of the subject

 

pala + hubog                         = palahubog              (drunkard)

pala + away                          = palaaway                 (troublemaker)

pala + kaon                           = palakaon                 (fond of eating)

pala + utot                             = palautot                  (frequently farting)

pala + sumbong                    = palasumbong          (always reporting complaint or information)

 

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pam – is the informal variation of "pang-" It is attached to a word that begins with "b" or "p" to form the following:

 

1. As a noun, when prefix by "ang"

 

ang pam + bunal                  = ang pambunal         (bat)

ang pam + busog                 = ang pambusog        (something used to fill one's hunger)

ang pam + palo                    = ang pampalo           (ferule)

ang pam + pirito                  = ang pampirito          (something used in frying)

 

2. As an adjective, indicating the purpose or usage of the subject

 

pam + bunal                          = pambunal                 (for beating)

pam + busog                         = pambusog                (for filling one's hunger)

pam + palo                            = pampalo                   (for spanking)

pam + pirito                          = pampirito                  (for frying)

 

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pan – another informal variance of "pang" joined to words beginning with b or p to form the following:

 

1. As a noun, when preceded by "ang"

 

ang pan+ bunal                     = ang panbunal          (bat)

ang pan + busog                   = ang panbusog         (something used to fill one's hunger)

ang pan + palo                      = ang panpalo            (ferule)

ang pan + pirito                    = ang panpirito           (something used in frying)

 

2. As an adjective, wherein in indicates the purpose or usage of the subject

 

pan + bunal                            = panbunal                  (for beating)

pan + busog                           = panbusog                 (for filling one's hunger)

pan + palo                              = panpalo                    (for spanking)

pan + pirito                            = panpirito                   (for frying)

 

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pang – is the formal form of "pam" and "pan". It forms the following:

 

1. As a noun, when preceded by "ang"

 

ang pang+ bunal                   = ang pangbunal        (bat)

ang pang + busog                 = ang pangbusog       (something used to fill one's hunger)

ang pang + palo                    = ang pangpalo          (ferule)

ang pang + pirito                  = ang pangpirito         (something used in frying)

 

2. As an adjective that indicates the purpose or usage of the subject

 

pang + bunal                          = pangbunal (for beating)

pang + busog                         = pangbusog  (for filling one's hunger)

pang + palo                            = pangpalo (for spanking)

pang + pirito                          = pangpirito  (for frying)

 

3. When attached to a word that begins with a, g, h, l, i,& u. In this sense, it names the activity being performed.

 

pang + andam                        = pangandam  (preparation)

pang + galam                         = panggalam (care)

pang + galing                         = panggaling (mill)

pang + luto                             = pangluto (cooking)

pang + lingaw                        = panglingaw (entertainment)

pang + ihaw                           = panguhaw (slaugthering)

pang + ilad                             = pangilad (deception)

pang + utang                          = pangutang (loan \borrowing)

pang + utaw                           = pangutaw  (ironing)

 

4. If “pang” is prefixed to a root word that begins with ka, the first two letters (ka) are subsequently omitted and replaced with “pang”.

 

pang + kalot                           = pangalot  (scratching)

pang + kahoy                         = pangahoy (gathering of firewood)

pang + kuykoy                       = panguykoy (digging)

pang + kilat                            = pangilat  (lightning)

pang + kidlap                         = pangidlap  (flashing)

 

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panga – this indicates the gradualness or succession of plural subjects.

 

panga + dalag                       = pangadalag  (changing into yellow)

panga + hulog                       = pangahulog (gradual or successive fall)

panga + aghat                       = pangaghat (enticements)

 

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pasi – this indicates that an intangible noun is given to the object in the statement

 

pasi + daan                            = pasidaan  (caution \warning)

pasi + una                              = pasiuna  (introduction)

pasi + dungog                        = pasidungog (honor)

pasi + baya                            = pasibaya (negligence)

pasi + bantog                         = pasibantog (flaunting)

 

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sali – this is the variation of the prefix "tali." Its limited use is applied to indicate what is about to happen. This prefix is no longer used in modern communication, as “tali” is the most preferred by today’s speakers and writers. It is considered awkward nowadays to use the prefix “sali”

 

sali + abot                               = saliabot  (approaching)

sali + adto                               = saliadto (about to go there)

sali + sugmat                          = salisugmat (about to occur)

 

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tag – if prefixed to a word that represents counting or number, it indicates the amount of content

 

tag + duha                              = tagduha  (two each)

tag + siyete                             = tagsiyete  (seven each)

tag + duha                              = tagduha  (two each)

 

If prefixed to an amount of money, it indicates the price or value of each item.

 

Take note that pisos is used regardless of the amount of Philippine piso that is more than one piso, while sentabos is also used regardless of the amount of Philippine centavo. Use piso to emphasize singularity of one peso and "usa ka dako" for the singularity of one centavo. The use of dako is attributed to the old Philippine big-sized one-centavo coin.

 

tag + gatos ka pisos             = taggatos ka pisos (worth one hundred pesos each)

tag + usa ka pisos                 = tag-usa ka pisos (one peso each)

tag + tres pisos                      = tagtres pisos  (worth three pesos each)

tag + singko sentabos           = tagsingko sentabos  (five centavos each)

tag + libo                               = taglibo (worth a thousand each)

tag + pis                                = tagpiso (one peso each)

tag + usa ka dako                  = tag-usa ka dako  (one centavo each)

 

"tag" is also used as an alternative for "taga'" to indicate the doer of the action or one who is assign to perform a task.

 

tag + sulat                               = tagsulat (writer)

tag + sulti                               = tagsulti (speaker)

tag + hugas                             = taghugas  (washer)

tag + gugol                             = taggugol  (financier)

tag + himo                              = taghimo  (maker)

 

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taga – is used to indicate someone is assigned to perform a task. The variations for this prefix include "tig", "parag" and "tag."

 

taga + sulat                            = tagasulat  (one who is assigned to write)

taga + sulti                             = tagasulti  (one who is assigned to speake)

taga + hugas                          = tagahugas (one who is assigned to wash)

taga + gugol                          = tagagugol (one who is assigned to finance)

taga + himo                            = tagahimo  (one who is assigned to make)

 

If "taga" is prefixed to the name of place, it denotes where one lives (place of residence) or its place of origin (where he came from or used to belong).

 

taga + Bohol                         = taga-Bohol (resident from Bohol \a Boholano)

taga + siyudad                       = tagasiyudad (city dweller)

taga + bukid                          = tagabukid  (mountaineer \rural folk)

taga + probinsya                   = tagabrobinsya (provincial folk \one who came from the province)

 

 

If prefixed to an unspecified group or association, denotes affiliation to that group either as a member or worker or in any other way identified with that group.

 

taga + militar                        = tagamilitar  (associated with the military \from the militar)

taga + medya                        = tagamedya  (member of the press \press people)

taga + simbahan                   = tagasimbahan (member of the church)

taga + praternity                   = tagapraternity (member of the fraternity)

taga + bangko                       = tagabangko (worker from the bank)

taga + radyo                          = tagaradyo (one who works in a radio station)

 

"taga" is also prefixed to indicate how high or deep is the thing.

 

taga + liog                              = tagaliog (neck-deep \up to the neck)

taga + tuhod                           = tagatuhod (knee-deep)

taga + lapa-lapa                    = tagalapa-lapa (too shallow that it touches only the foot sole)

taga + atop                             = taga-atop  (as high as the roof)

taga + langit                           = tagalangit  (heaven-high)

taga + tinai                             = tagatinai (up to the intestine)

taga + tumoy                          = tagatumoy  (reaches to the tip)

 

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tagi – denotes being a fellow resident in a common locality where these persons are staying or residing

 

tagi + baryo                           = tagabaryo (villager)

tagi + lungsod                        = tagilungsod (townfolk)

tagi + nasod                           = taginasod (citizen \countryman)

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tali – This prefix indicates that an action is about to be performed or to happen.

 

tali + abot (arrival)                = taliabot  (approaching)

tali + adto (go there)              = taliadto (about to go there)

tali + sugmat (recur)              = talisugmat (about to recur)

tali + bukal (boil)                   = talibukal (about to boil)

tali + suko (angry)                 = talisuko  (about to go angry)

 

It also names the small quantity of something

 

tali + dugo (blood)                = talidugo  (blood coming in small quantity)

tali + huwad (spill)                = talihuwad (small amount of spillage)

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tig – is used to indicate habitual action or fondness of something

 

tig + katawa (laugh)              = tigkatawa (given to laughing)

tig + kaon (eat)                      = tigkaon (fond of eating)

 

It also indicates the function or designation of work similar to “tag-”, “taga-” and “parag-”

 

tig + hugas (wash)                = tighugas (washer \assigned to wash)

tig + luto (cook)                    = tigluto  (cook \assigned to cook)

tig + sulat (write)                  = tigsulat (writer \assigned to write)

tig + dalagan (run)                = tigdalagan (runner \assigned to run)

tig + kompra (purchase)       = tigkompra (purchaser of goods \assigned to purchase goods)

 

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ting – describes the kind of season

 

ting + ani (harvest)                = ting-ani (harvest season)

ting + ulan (rain)                   = ting-ulan (rainy season)

ting + tugnaw (cold)              = tingtugnaw (cold season)

ting + init (hot)                      = ting-init (hot season)

 

It indicates the time or day when a particular activity is performed

 

ting + kaon  (eat)                  = tingkaon (time to eat)

ting + tulog (sleep)               = tingtulog (time to sleep)

ting + eskuwela (school)      = ting-eskuwela (school day)

ting + suweldo (work pay)   = tingsuweldo (pay day)

 

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tulu – see infix “lu”

 

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ulu – this prefix implies a doubtful or improper form

 

ulu + biyador                         = ulubiyador  (pseudo-aviator0

ulu + awtoridad                     = uluawtoridad  (pseudo-authority \presumed authority)

 

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um – used as a prefix to word base that begins with a vowel, denoting past action that has been performed.

 

um + abot                               = umabot (reached)

um + usbaw                           = umusbaw (improved)

um + ihi                                 = umihi (urinated)

 

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uma – denotes a coming event or an expectation.

 

uma + abot                           = umaabot  (expected to come \coming)

uma + asenso                       = umaasenso (expected to be improving)

 

 

inFIXES (tungang dikit) - used in the middle of the word

 

 

il

 

(The initial consonant of the base word) + il + (all that remains of the base word after the initial consonant is retained) + suffix "an" or "on" - this combination of infix and suffix infused by a split base word would transform the base word into an adjective or noun.

 

minyo (marriage)     m + (il) + inyo (base word "minyo") + on     = milinyoon (marriageable)

bitay  (hang)             b + (il) + itay (base word "bitay") + on         = bilitayon (sentenced to death)

silong (underneath)   s + (il) + ilong (base word "silong") + an    = sililongan (shade or overhead cover)

 

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in

 

This infix is inserted after the first consonant of a base word to indicate the following:

 

(1) Manner or form indicated by the word base

 

bulak  (flower)              b + in + bulak        = b (in) ulak       = binulak (designed or formed like flowers)

 

(2) Derivatives from root adjectives

 

batid (expertise)     b + in + batid     = b (in) atid     = binatid  (in a skilled manner; done with expertise)

 

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lu – this infix is used limitedly for words that begin with “tu” and forms the prefix “tulu” after inserting “lu” between the first syllabic “tu” and the rest of the of the word base.

 

tuman (urge)                tu + lu + tumanon    = tu (lu) manon  

(tumanon and tulumanon both mean “program of activities”) 

tungha (attendance)   tu + lu + tunghaan  = tu (lu) nghaan

(tunghaan and tulunghaan both mean “school”)                  

 

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um – used in subjunctive mood inserted between the first two letters of the word base beginning with a consonant.

 

                (using word base: gikan)

 

gikan (from)     g +um + gikan      = g (um) ikan    = gumikan (because of)

bisita (visit)      b +um + bisita       = b (um) isita    = bumisita (would visit; visiting)

dala (handle)    d + um + dala       = d (um) ala      = dumala (handling or manageme

 

sufFIXES (ulahing dikit) - attached at the end of a word

 

a - The speaker is giving direct instruction to the person spoken to. The word created with this suffix is in the imperative mood. The imperative word suggests letting the subject change its state or condition as indicated by the root word.

 

This suffix is pronounced without an accent.

 

luto (cook)         luto + a            = lutoa  (cook it)

      lutoa ang isda  (cook the fish)

 

The suffix "a" also forms the passive negative.

 

galing (grind)     galing + a        = galinga   (you grind that)

                                                                     Wala niya galinga ang mais (He did not grind the corn)

    

 

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an - is a variant of "i", when added to a root verb, it would indicate that:

 

(1) an action is to be done on a portion of something

 

hiwa (cut)         hiwa + an      = hiwaan  (cut or slice a portion of something)

 

(2) an action is to be done in favor of somebody

 

hatag (give)                  hatag + an                     = hatagan (give something to)

tugot (allow)                  tugot + an                      = tugotan (give permission to)

halok (kiss)                   halok + an                     = halokan (give a kiss to)

 

(3) an action is to be done upon something or somebody

 

dagmal (beat)               dagmal + an                  = dagmalan (beat something or somebody)

halok (halok)                halok + an                     = halokan (kiss somebody)

 

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ante – denotes doer of the action

 

Note that if the root word ends in a vowel, it is removed. The gender is not identified. Hence, the doer can be either as a male or a female.

 

boto (vote)                         boto + ante              = botante  (voter)

ayuda (aid)                       ayuda + ante             = ayudante  (adjutant)

estudyo (study)                estudyo + ante         = estudyante  (student)

komedya  (comedy)        komedya + ante       = komedyante (joker)

kumando (command)    kumando + ante      = kumandante  (commandant)

negosyo (buiness)           negosyo + ante        = negosyante  (businessperson)

 

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era – (see “ero”)

 

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ero – denotes the doer of the action.

 

Note that if the root word ends in a vowel, it is removed.

 

bomba (pump)                bomba +ero                  = bombero (pumper \fireman)

kusina (kitchen)              kusina + ero                  = kusinero (cook)

boso (scuba)                     boso + ero                     = bosero (scuba diver)

bote (rowboat)                 bote + ero                    = botero (a rower of flat-bottom rowboat \coxswain)

kaingin (slash & burn) kaingin + ero                = kainginero (slash-and-burn farmer)

tapal (patch)                   tapal + ero                     = tapalero (patcher)

boksing (boxing)            boksing+ ero                 = boksingero (boxer)

 

Note that the gender of the doer is identified to be male. For females, use “era.”

 

bomba (pump)             bomba + era                 = bombera  (female pumper \firewoman)

kusina (kitchen)           kusina + era                  = kusinera  (female cook)

boso (scuba)                 boso + era                     = bosera (female scuba diver)

bote (rowboat)              bote+ era                      = botera  (female rower \lady coxswain)

kaingin (slash & burn) kaingin + era                = kainginera (female slash-and-burn farmer)

tapal (patch)                 tapal+ era                     = tapalera (female patcher)

boksing (boxing)          boksing + era               = boksingera  (lady boker)

 

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ha - is a variant of "a", suffixed to the root word terminating in an open vowel. The word formed is

in imperative mode, asking or telling someone to do what is meant by the root word.

 

masa (mix)                   masa + ha                     = masaha  (mix it)

tulo (three)                   tulo + ha                        = tuloha  (make it three)

usa (one)                       usa + ha                        = usaha  (combine all to make one )

kanta (sing)                  kanta + ha                     = kantaha  (sing it )

 

use the suffix "a" for non-open vowels.

 

adto (over there)          adto + a                         = adtoa  (go there)

lukat (redeem)             lukat + a                         = lukata  (redeem it)

 

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hon - suffix when added to a base word ending with open vowels or vocalic

 

sauo (memorize)         saulo + hon                   = saulohon  (to memorize)

simba (worship)           simba + hon                 = simbahon  (to worship)

bag-o (new)                  bag-o + hon                  = bag-ohon  (to renew)

kutsara (spoon)            kutsara + hon               = kutsarahon (to scoop with a spoon)

 

Also as a descriptive word (adjective). (compare with “-on”)

 

bato (stone)                  bato + hon                     = batohon (rocky)

kang-a (ajar)                 kang-a + hon               = kang-ahon  (gaping)

abo (ash)                       abo + hon                      = abohon (ashy)

alambre (wire)             alambre + hon             = alambrehon  (wiry)

 

Described the “not so” characteristic of the adjective used

 

guwapo (handsome)   guwapo + hon              = guwapohon  (somewhat handsome)

guwapa (pretty)            guwapa + hon              = guwapahon (somewhat pretty)

 

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hon – used to form the following:

 

1. Estimated amount or value when the word base derives from a foreign word (Spanish, English, etc.). A hyphen is used when an English word is used.

 

kurenta (forty)              kurenta + hon               = kurentahon  (forty something)

kinse (fifteen)               kinse + hon                   = kinsehon  (fifteen something)

nubenta (ninety)          nubenta + hon              = nubentahon  (ninety something)

twenty (20)                    twenty + hon                 = twenty-hon  (twenty something \around twenty)

fifty-one (51)                 fifty-one + hon              = fifty-one-hon  (something like fifty-one)

 

2. Replicate when suffixed to words used in counting that ends in “e”

 

kinse (fifteen)               kinse + hon                   = kinsehon (make eleven)

dose (twelve)                dose + hon                    = dosehon  (make twelve)

nuybe (nine)                 nuybe + hon                 = nuybehon  (make nine)

siyete (seven)               siyete + hon                  = siyetehon  (make seven)

 

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i - this suffix is used for the imperative mode of the base word (root verb), indicating the following:

 

(1) Action is to be done in favor of the subject

 

tudlo (teach)                 tudlo + i                          = tudlo-i  (teach sometbody)

 

(2) Action is to be done on or upon the subject

 

hatag (give)                  hatag + i                        = hatagi  (give something to)

 

(3) Action is t be done on a portion of subject

 

hiwa (slice)                   hiwa + i                          = hiwai  (slice a portion of something)

 

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ing - is a ligature commonly represented by "y" when joined to words ending in vowels. SImilar to "nay"

 

wala (none)                  wala + ing                     = walay  (has no \ have no \with no)

                                        wala + nay

 

aduna (has/have)        aduna + ing                  = adunay  (has \have \with)

                                        aduna + nay

 

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ismo – names the doctrine or faith of a certain group.

 

The removal of the last letters of the root word is patterned after the way the original English or Spanish word is derived.

 

Budha (Buddha)                  Budha + ismo           = Budhismo  (Buddhism)

Katoliko (Catholic)              Katoliko + ismo        = Katolismo  (Catholicism)

Komunista (Communist)   Komunista + ismo   = Komunismo  (Communism)

 

it also denotes practices or attitudes.

 

bandal (vandal)           bandal + ismo              = bandalismo  (vandalism)

 

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on – used to form the following: (compare with “hon”)

 

1. Descriptive word or adjective

 

bato (rock)                     bato + on                       = batoon  (rocky)

lapok (mud)                  lapok + on                     = lapokon  (muddy)

 

2. Create noun words out of action words

 

sugo (order)                  sugo + on                      = sugoon  (would be ordered to do something)

trabaho (work)              trabaho + on                 = trabahoon  (work to do)

 

3. Future passive action word

 

gisi (tear)                       gisi + on                         = gision  (to tear)

patay (dead)                 patay + on                     = patayon  (to kill )

gakos (embrace)         gakos + gakoson           = gakoson  (to embrace)

 

3. Replicate when suffixed to words used in counting using the Visayan numbers usa, duha, tulo, etc.

 

duha (two)                     duha + on                      = duhaon  (make two)

tulo (three)                    tulo + on                        = tuloon  (make three)

upat (four)                     upat + on                       = upaton  (make four)

 

 

 

PREFIX and SUFFIX combined (magkalambigit nga unang dikit ug ulahing dikit)

 

 

ka + (root word) + an - if the root word is a noun, the formed word refers to plural and collective nouns

 

sundalo (army)            ka + sundalo + han     = kasundalohan   (armies)

bata (child)                   ka + bata + an              = kabataan            (children)

daghan (many)            ka + daghan + an        = kadaghanan      (majority)

 

ka + (root word) + an - if the root word is a verb, the word formed has transformed the root word from its verb form into an adjective denoting possibility

 

salig (reliance)             ka + salig + an              = kasaligan  (reliable)

tuo (right)                     ka + tuo + han              = katuohan  (believable)

dagan (run)                   ka + dagan + an           = kadaganan (approachable for quick help)

 

ka + (root word) + on - if the root word is a verb or a noun that is used in naming an action, the word formed expresses one's urge or wanting to do an action indicated by the root word.

 

sumbag (box)               ka + sumbag + on       = kasumbagon (urged to box)

langoy (swim)              ka + langoy + on          = kalangoyon (urged to swim)

dagan (run)                   ka + dagan + on           = kadaganon (urged to run)

 

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gim + (root word) + on - variety of "ging" or "gin" to form nouns with root word usually beginning with labial consonants

 

buhatr (work)               gim + buhat + on         = gimbuhaton (work to do)

bug-at (heavy)              gim + bug-at + on        = gimbug-aton (heaviness)

buot (will to do)           gim + buot + on           = gimbuoton (discretion)

busog (full stomach)    gim + busog + on        = gimbusogon (fullness of stomach)

 

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hi + (root word) + an – will still be there when someone or something arrives and an action can possibly be done upon

 

abot (deach)                hi + abot + an               = hiabotan  (be seen still there)

sabot (now)                 hi + sabot + an             = hisabotan  (be known)

sulat (write)                 hi + sulat + an             = hisulatan  (be written with)

dagmal (beat)              hi + dagmal+ an          = hidagmalan  (be beaten)

 

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hi + (root word) + on – be the subject of one's obligation

 

gugma (love)                hi + gugma + on          = higugmaon (be loved by)

 

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hin + (root word) + hon – is mostly used with root words that begin with "s" to indicate habitual inclination.

 

Note that the initial "s" is removed after the suffix.

 

sulti (talk)                     hin + (s)ulti + hon        = hinultihon  (talkative)

sulat  (sulat)                  hin + (s)ulat + on         = hinulato  (loves to write)

sugo (order)                  hin + (s)ugo + on         = hinugo  (always giving orders)

sumbag (box)               hin + (s)umbag + on     = hinumbagon (fond of giving a punch \loves to hit a punch)

suyop (suck)                 hin + (s)uyop + on       = hinuyopon  (fond of sucking)

                               

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ig + (first syllable of the root word) + root word - This combination of prefix and infix would indicate as an agency in doing something

 

sulat (wriie)                ig + (su) + sulat           = igsusulat  (tool for writing)

baligya (sell)              ig + (ba) + baligya       = igbabaligya  (goods for sale)

lukat (redeem)             ig + (lu) + lukat          = iglulukat  (money for redeeming what has

been pawned or for buying a ticket)

 

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ma + (root word) + on - indicates characteristics

 

tulon-an (something to study)   ma + tulon-an + on      = matulon-anon  (studious)

tinuod (true)                              ma + tinuod + on         = matinuodnon  (honest)

tinud-an (truth)                          ma + tinud-an + on      = matinud-anon (honest)

 

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mag + (root word) + ay - will show reciprocity.

tabang (help)                     mag + tabang + ay      = magtabangay (help each other)

hungit (feed the mouth)    mag + hungit + ay      = maghungitay  (feed each other's mouth)

hulat (wait)                       mag + hulat + ay          = maghulatay (wait each other)

 

Note that if root word ends with consonant "d", it will be replaced with "r"

 

tukmod (push)              mag + tukmo(d) + ay  = magtukmoray    (push each other)

hatod (send off)            mag + hato(d) + ay      = maghatoray       (send each other)

humod (wet)                 mag + humo(d) + ay   = maghumoray     (wet each other)

 

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pa + (root word) + a / ha – is a command or request that would let something to happen or permit someone to do.

 

sulod (inside)              pa + sulod + ra             = pasulora           (allow admittance \let enter)

saghid (sideswipe)      pa + saghid + ra           = pasaghira         (allow to side swipe)

kaon (eat)                     pa + kaon + a              = pakaona            (feed it \allow to eat)

andar (start to run)     pa + andar + a             = paandara           (let the engine start)

kanta (sing)                 pa + kanta + ha            = pakantaha         (allow to sing)

radyo (radio)               pa + radyo + ha           = paradyoha         (ask to call on the radio)

kendi (candy)               pa + kendi + ha          = pakendiha         (allow to become a candy)

 

Notice that:

 

rootword that ends in "d" is changed to "ra"

rootword that ends in consonant, suffix "a" is added

rootword that ends in vowel, suffix "ha" is added

 

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paga + (root word) + an – indicating obligation to perform something.

 

bayad (pay)                 paga + baya(d) + an   = pagabayaran   (will be paid by)

hatod (send off)           paga + hato(d)+ an     = pagahatoran   (will be delivered with)

sulat (write)                 paga + sulat + an       = pagasulatan  (will be written upon)

sakay (ride)                 paga + sakay + an      = pagasakayan  (will be ridden by)

hatag (give)                 paga + hatag + an      = pagahatagan  (will be given with)

 

Notice that root word that ends in "d" it is replaced with ":r"

 

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paga + (root word) + on – indicates an action is required to be performed upon the object.

 

sumbag (box)             paga + sumbag + on   = pagasumbagon  (must be beaten by a punch)

hapuhap (caress)        paga + hapuhap +on   = pagahapuhapon  (must be caressed)

huyop (puff)               paga + huyop + on      = pagahuyopon  (must be blown by puffing)

 

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pagka - is used with present and past tenses to state the condition or situation

 

dako (big)                    pagka + dako             = pagkadako  (the amount or degree of one’s growth)

himugso (birth)           pagka + himugso        = pagkahimugso  (the delivery of one’s birth)

 

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manggi + (root word) + on – will form an adjective word indicating traits or characteristics

 

luoy (mercy)                 manggi + luoy + on     = manggiluoyon  (merciful)

buhat (work)                 manggi + buhat + on  = manggibuhaton  (loves to work; industrious)

 

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ul + (root word) + on / hon – If the root word begins with “u” this combination of prefix and suffix indicates resources or tools to be utilized.

 

utang (loan)                  ul + utang + on             = ulutangon (fond for loan)

utan (vegetable)           ul + utan + on               = ulutanon (vegetable plant)

uma (farm)                   ul + uma + hon             = ulumahon (piece of land to be farmed)